Showing posts with label Zoroastrianism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Zoroastrianism. Show all posts

Monday, 27 February 2017

The Zoroastrians Part 2: A Religion in Transition

ZAMWI's building form the outside

I walked into the ZAMWI's building (Zoroastrian Association of Metropolitan Washington Inc.).  To my left were bathrooms.  To my right was a hallway that led to a room, that I later found out will soon be their sanctuary.  Ahead of me was a wide doorway that opened into an auditorium.

I stepped into the auditorium to see people gathering.  The room was long and rectangular with high ceilings.  It looked more like a dining hall than a place for religious gatherings.  I wasn't sure what to think.  I looked around to see people of various ethnicities gathered about.  Most of the people had some kind of Persian background.  They were Iranian, Pakistani, Afghan and Indian.  There were a few people of European ancestry in the room as well.  Most of them had come to Zoroastrianism through marriage.

As I began to talk to some of the people I learned a lot about their perceptions of religion.  A woman who had grown up in India talked about her view of religion.  "In India, we worship each other's gods.  It's not about believing in them, it's a way of respecting each other.  Before the British came, Muslims, Hindus and other got along well.  The British divided us."  The development of the Sikh religion makes me question how accurate that statement was, but it's true that people of differing belief systems usually get along until some power-hungry person comes along and amplifies divisions to gain power.

Their auditorium is built like a dining hall.  During class chairs and a podium were present.

I helped the community prepare for their service.  As the service began, everyone put white hats on their head.  They had extras and I followed suit.  The children assembled in chairs at the front of the auditorium and the adults stood around almost in a circle.  A woman made announcements.  After this, the priest spoke.  His message focused on the children.  He told them to
  • Greet God in the morning and at night
  • Make their beds
  • Wash their dishes
  • Do their part at home, school and elsewhere
The simple message took about 5 minutes.  After this he blessed one of the children.  I think it was for the child's birthday.  When this portion of the service was over, everyone grabbed hands for a quick prayer.  After the prayer, we went to class.  There wasn't a worship service in the way Christians would think of one, just the short lesson, the prayer and then class.

The class, too, was unlike anything I've ever had the opportunity to witness.  The group I met with was discussing what they ought to study together in the future.  They'd agreed to study the Gathas (the central part of the Zoroastrian text), but were discussing whether or not to focus on anything else in their studies.  Everyone agreed that the Gathas were the most important part of their tradition.  These are the oldest sections.  They're attributed to Zoroaster himself.  These portions of the text, as I understand it, are purely monotheistic and don't emphasize the rituals that later came to be associated with Zoroastrianism.
A framed rug for the sanctuary.  On the left is the king, on the right Zoroaster - the Holy Spirit hovers over each

The question in the group was how tightly to hold onto the things that had been added to the religion in the thousands of years since Zoroaster had received his revelation.  The most radical of the members believed that the rituals could be completely done away with.  Others disagreed and were in fact working to turn one of the rooms into a kind of sanctuary where rituals could be performed by a priest.

During class, I asked how one becomes a Zoroastrian.  The response was interesting.  I learned that no one could tell me whether I was or wasn't a Zoroastrian and that if I wanted to attend their meetings as a Zoroastrian that I could.  I asked whether everyone would except me.  "Most people here would," I was told.  Most of the clerics in India wouldn't.  I don't recall them saying anything in particular about the community in Iran.

What I observed was a community searching for itself.  I asked and the observation was affirmed.  "Zoroastrianism used to be associated with Persia, but that doesn't exist any more," I was told.  They were trying to decide what it meant to be Zoroastrian without a state or even a completely unifying culture.  It was interesting to see this conversation in person.  I wondered what Mary Boyce would have thought.



A Statue of the Holy Spirit to be used in their sanctuary in the future


While the Zoroastrians aren't evangelistic, they were more open to people joining than I expected.  I wondered if they were thinking what I think.  "It would be a pity if this tradition died.  It's one of the most important religious traditions in world history, even if most people today don't know about it."  I expect they do think this, though it's probably more personal to them than it is to me.



Monday, 13 February 2017

The Zoroastrians (Part 1): Who are the Zoroastrians?!?!

One of the first questions I was asked when I walked into the Zoroastrian's building was, "How did you find out about us?"  It was a fair question.  At one time, Zoroastrianism was the largest organized religion in the world.  Today, the ancient religion has less than 200,000 adherents.  Not surprisingly, most people have never heard of the Zoroastrians.

Except that they have.  Almost everyone in the world, regardless of whether or not they are Christian, is familiar with the birth narrative of Jesus.  Most of us have heard of the three wise men.  These men, called Magi in literal translations of the Bible, came from the East, which here means Persia.  So, what is a Magi?  Magi were Zoroastrian clergy.  Zoroastrianism was the religion of the Persian Empire.

The Three Magi (Wise Men) depicted on their way to visit Jesus
Like the Jews, the Zoroastrians were monotheists who believed in a Savior to be born of a virgin.  This seems to be why Matthew took the time to tell this story.  If that's correct, Matthew seems to think that the birth of Jesus fulfills a prophesy shared by both religions.  He doesn't say this explicitly.

Zoroastrians show up elsewhere in the Christian scriptures too.  People who have read their Old Testament will recall that after the Persians conquered Babylon, they not only freed the Jews from oppression.  They helped Jews resettle in Judea and even gave money to rebuild the Temple.  It wasn't uncommon for the Persians to treat their subjects kindly, but they may have been especially kind to the Jews on account of their shared monotheism.  The Jews, in turn, seemed to have a positive view of Persia, especially when compared with their view of the Greeks and Romans.

The bird icon above the door is the Zoroastrian symbol for God's Holy Spirit.
For at least the last century, there has been an ongoing debate among scholars concerning the degree to which Zoroastrianism influenced second temple Judaism and Christianity.  Like Christians, Zoroastrians believe that God has a Holy Spirit who at times takes the shape of a bird.  They believe in an afterlife, in angels and demons and so much more.

I learned about the Zoroastrians during a Western Civilization class I took at Rochester College.  At the time, I was disturbed to learn that the Persians were also monotheists and that shared many views with Christians that aren't found in the Torah.  It raised a serious question for me.  Was religion simply an artifact of history or does God work through history.  The facts forced me to believe the either one or the other was true.

In any case, understanding Zoroastrianism is important for understanding the history of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.  The four religions have directly influenced each other in a variety of ways.  Now you know a little bit about who the Zoroastrians are.  I'll post about my visit with them in a few days.

Thursday, 26 January 2017

Comparing Baha'i with Christianity

When I visited the Baha'i Center in DC two weeks ago, I found myself comparing the Baha'i faith with Christianity.  I suppose this is only natural.  As I did this, I found several similarities.  This is especially true if one views Christianity through the lens of the early church.  Here are just a few observations.
  • The Baha'i meet in houses, just like the earliest Christians
    • They often have central houses for larger Sunday meetings, but not always
    • During the week they meet in each other's houses for meals
    • The main house is used for community events during the week (like AA meetings or yoga).
  • They emphasize charitable work
    • Early Christians stayed behind during plagues to care for the sick
    • They paid for burial for the poor and took in orphans
    • The Baha'i actively work on justice issues in their neighborhoods
    • Like early Christians, they strongly encourage adoption
  • They emphasize fellowship
    • Early Christian worship usually involved a communal meal that culminated in the Eucharist
    • The Baha'i Center is built for fellowship.
    • The Baha'i meet in each other's homes for a meal during the week.  They call these Fireside chats.


Even their claim that Baha'i is a successor to previous revelations is a Christian theological move. From the beginning Christians have claimed that their religion was a natural successor to Judiasm, and that their savior fulfilled Jewish prophesy.  The Baha'is claim that Baha'ullah is the return of Jesus, because Jesus comes again and again to different cultures with different names.  They claim that Baha'i is the fulfillment of the prophesy that Jesus would come again.  And just like Christians see the Old Testament as instructive, but not binding because it's part of an older covenant, the Baha'is see older scriptures as instructive, but not binding because they are part of earlier revelations for earlier time periods.


While Christians didn't adopt non-Jewish scriptures, their early apologists sometimes claimed that Jesus was the fulfillment of pagan religions hopes or even prophesies.
  • Paul claims that his God is the unknown God that pagans are worshiping Act 17:23
  • Zoroastrian Magi visit Jesus in Matthew 2
    • The Zoroastrians had a prophesy that the Savior would be born of a virgin
    • They also believed in a Holy Spirit through which goodness is revealed - the ideas are not identical.
    • Matthew doesn't directly say that Jesus is the fulfillment of Zoroastrian prophesy, but this is probably the only logical conclusion to draw.  
The place that I found the traditions most aligned, however, was in the idea of the Kingdom of Heaven.  When talking about the Kingdom of Heaven, Jesus preaches a certain kind of moral life.  It's one where the peacemakers, rather than the war hawks, are honored.  It's one where his followers don't judge, because the standard they use will be used against them.  It's one where they love their neighbors and their enemies.  Jesus' Kingdom of Heaven is a new social order his followers bring to earth through faith, love and action.



Baha'is also use the term "Kingdom of Heaven."  I'm not sure if they mean the same thing, but the idea of God's servants bringing peace and justice to the world through love, action and faith is a dominant Baha'i theme.

The two religions fail to see eye-to-eye in several respects.  Most Christians see Jesus as God, but Baha'i see his as a divine man/being who continually returns to humanity to reveal God's will.  Christians are not likely to accept the idea of Jesus returning as a teacher, rather than a divine being calling them up into the sky.
Baha'is don't seem to think that Jesus died for the removal of their sins.  I didn't ask.  The topic never came up.  Evangelicals in particular are unlikely to agree with the Baha'i understanding of Heaven and Hell.  Most Evangelicals believe that Jesus (as defined by Christianity) is the only way to Heaven.  Several even believe that their particular sect of Christianity is the only sure guarantee.  Baha'is, on the other hand, think that one's spiritual development on earth will continue along the same path in the afterlife, regardless of dogma.



Certainly other comparisons and contrasts could be made, but I know too little to say more.

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If you have a religious tradition you'd like to learn more about, let me know in the comments below and I'll try to visit and write about it.